Sabia que é possível fechar negócio com empresas públicas, sociedades de economia mista e até mesmo entes da Administração Pública Direta através da participação em processos licitatórios?
As licitações realizadas no âmbito das sociedades da economia mista e das empresas públicas seguem as regras da Lei 13.303/16 e, em razão de suas particularidades, serão objeto de texto específico no nosso Blog. Logo, o presente artigo irá tratar das licitações no âmbito da Administração Direta.
Venha com a gente entender melhor como funciona a licitação e o porquê da sua importância.
O que é Licitação na Administração Pública?
É por meio das licitações que a Administração Pública contrata obras e serviços, efetua compras de produtos e realiza alienações e locações. O processo licitatório visa garantir isonomia entre os participantes do procedimento, além de buscar a proposta mais benéfica para a Administração Pública.
A licitação deve seguir os princípios básicos da legalidade, impessoalidade, moralidade, igualdade e probidade administrativa, a fim de garantir que o dinheiro público seja empregado em contratos que tenham bases éticas, condizentes com o direito brasileiro.
O Interesse em Licitar (Contratar)
Para que um processo licitatório se inicie é dever do agente público identificar a real e efetiva necessidade da Administração Pública e, em razão dela, definir a melhor solução a ser buscada por meio do processo licitatório.
A partir daí, demonstrada a adequação entre a necessidade da Administração e a solução encontrada, é preciso evidenciar, de acordo com o mercado, quais são os objetos (produtos e serviços) que traduzem e materializam essa solução, o que se faz por meio da análise e da eleição do conjunto de especificações e de características técnicas que serão exigidas no certame, sendo vedada, em regra, a indicação de marca.
Onde deve ser Publicado o Edital de uma Licitação?
Os procedimentos licitatórios são públicos. Para atender a este objetivo, uma das medidas tomadas pela Administração Pública é a publicação de seus editais no Diário Oficial da União e em Diário Oficial do Estado ou do Distrito Federal, a depender do órgão ou entidade pública que irá celebrar o contrato com terceiros. Os editais também devem ser publicados em jornais de grande circulação, para garantir que todos possam ter ciência de sua existência.
Quais os tipos de Licitação?
Existem cinco modalidades de licitação: a concorrência, a tomada de preços, o convite, o concurso e o leilão, cuja escolha pela Administração pública dependerá da complexidade e do preço do objeto da contratação. Existe, também, a modalidade denominada Pregão Eletrônico, que é utilizada, atualmente, pela Administração Pública Federal para aquisição de bens e serviços comuns.
- Concorrência: é a modalidade de licitação cuja exigência necessária para participação de interessados é a comprovação de requisitos mínimos de qualificação exigidos no edital.
- Tomada de Preços: os interessados devem atender à qualificação exigida no ato convocatório, além de estarem previamente cadastrados ou atenderem a todas as condições exigidas para cadastramento, até três dias antes da data de recebimento de propostas.
- Convite: os interessados – que devem ser ao menos três – serão convidados pela unidade administrativa a participarem do certame, sendo necessário que atuem no ramo pertinente ao objeto licitado.
- Concurso: utilizado para escolha de trabalho de natureza técnica, científica ou artística, cujo edital será publicado com antecedência mínima de 45 dias.
- Leilão: usado para a alienação de bens imóveis – cuja aquisição tenha derivado de procedimentos judiciais ou de dação em pagamento; de produtos legalmente apreendidos ou penhorados; ou de bens móveis inservíveis pertencentes à Administração. Será consagrado vencedor quem oferecer o maior lance, igual ou superior ao valor da avaliação do bem.
Preferência nas Licitações
Caso sejam apresentadas propostas em igualdade de condições, os critérios de desempate obedecerão a seguinte ordem: primeiro, é dada preferência para as empresas cujos bens e serviços são produzidos no país; posteriormente, é dada preferência, sucessivamente, às empresas brasileiras, às empresas que invistam em pesquisa e desenvolvimento de tecnologias no país e às empresas que comprovem o cumprimento da reserva de cargos previstas em lei para pessoas com deficiência ou reabilitados da previdência social.
Há, ainda, a preferência estabelecida em favor das microempresas e das empresas de pequeno porte, que, em caso de empate ficto, poderão apresentar proposta de preço inferior àquela melhor classificada.
Dispensa e Inexigibilidade de Licitações
A lei n° 8.666 de 1993, que regula as licitações, prevê situações em que é dispensável a realização da competição nos procedimentos licitatórios, conhecidas como as causas de “dispensa de licitação”. São exemplos destas:
- em caso de obras e serviços de engenharia de até 15 mil reais;
- em casos de guerra, emergência ou calamidade pública;
- quando for necessária a intervenção da União para regular preços ou normalizar o abastecimento de produtos; e
- para a aquisição e restauração de obras de arte e objetos históricos.
A inexigibilidade da licitação, por sua vez, se dá quando houver inviabilidade de competição, fruto da exclusividade de produção de determinado bem, por alguma empresa, ou por se tratar de contratação de profissional do setor artístico, cujo caráter personalíssimo da obrigação almejada impediria a existência de concorrência.
Um exemplo seria a contratação pela Prefeitura do cantor Roberto Carlos para se apresentar no Ano Novo de Copacabana. Nesse caso, não seria possível realizar uma licitação pelo fato do cantor ser único. A contratação dele ocorre por suas características próprias e subjetivas.
Também poderá haver a contratação, por inexigibilidade de licitação, de serviços técnicos especializados de natureza singular, com profissionais ou empresas que detenham notória especialização, como ocorre, por exemplo, nos serviços de assessorias ou consultorias técnicas.
Vale mencionar que, apesar de se falar em “inexigibilidade” e “dispensa” de licitação, nesses casos, continuará havendo um procedimento formal de contratação, sendo apenas suprimida a fase de competição entre os participantes, pois inexigível ou dispensada pela própria legislação.
Destaca-se, também, que, nesses casos, na hipótese de ocorrer alguma irregularidade que ocasione danos ao erário, serão responsáveis tanto o fornecedor ou prestador de serviços, quanto o agente público responsável pela referida contratação.
Precisando de livros sobre Licitações e Contratos? Nós temos aqui!
Contratos Administrativos
São aqueles originados do procedimento licitatório. Os contratos administrativos são de adesão, ou seja, com cláusulas fixadas unilateralmente pela Administração. Só podem ser realizados de forma escrita, com lavratura na repartição interessada, sendo nulo qualquer contrato verbal feito com a Administração, salvo se tratar de pequenas compras de pronto pagamento, não superiores a R$ 4.000,00 (quatro mil reais).
É necessário que os contratos administrativos estabeleçam com clareza e precisão suas disposições, devendo conter cláusulas obrigatórias, dentre as quais destacamos as seguintes:
- o objeto e seus elementos característicos;
- o regime de execução ou a forma de fornecimento;
- o preço e as condições de pagamento; e
- as garantias oferecidas para assegurar sua plena execução, quando exigidas.
Além dessas cláusulas, a competência para resolver conflitos relacionados a esses contratos será, via de regra, no foro da sede do órgão licitante.
Após a celebração do contrato, é necessária sua publicação na imprensa oficial para que o objeto possa começar a ser executado.
Conclusão
A participação em processo licitatório é uma excelente maneira de realizar negócios com a Administração Pública. No entanto, para que esta oportunidade seja aproveitada ao máximo, considerando as formalidades que o procedimento exige, é recomendado o auxílio de um advogado para assessorar o participante durante todo o certame.
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